ABSTRACT: Protocols to artificially induce cows and heifers into lactation are effective and commercially available in Brazil. However, these protocols demand long hormonal treatments, which is debatable since little research has been done in the subject. To further understand artificial induction to lactation (AIL) protocols, we conducted two experiments. In experiment 1, our objective was to better characterize steroidal profile during an AIL protocol and assess the estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) serum profiles of Jersey cows (n=6) subjected to a conventional protocol. In experiment 2, we aimed to compare milk production and serum E2 concentrations of Holstein heifers induced into lactation by the standard AIL protocol (15 injections of E2 and 8 P4 injections) and by a short protocol in which the number of E2 injections and, consequently, the overall dosage of E2, were reduced (8 injections of E2 and 8 P4 injections). We hypothesized that a short AIL protocol (8 days) would be as efficient as the long standard protocol of 15 days. Our hypothesis was confirmed, since we demonstrated that a shorter protocol was able to induce lactation in Holstein heifers without hindering milk production.

RESUMO: Protocolos que induzem à lactação artificial em vacas e novilhas são eficazes e estão comercialmente disponíveis no Brasil. No entanto, esses protocolos demandam longos tratamentos hormonais, o que é discutível visto que poucas pesquisas foram feitas sobre o assunto. Para entender melhor os protocolos de indução artificial à lactação (IAL), realizamos dois experimentos. Foi testada a hipótese de que um protocolo curto (oito dias) de IAL é tão eficiente quanto o protocolo padrão de 15 dias. No experimento 1 objetivou-se caracterizar o perfil esteroidal durante um protocolo de IAL e avaliou-se os perfis séricos de estradiol (E2) e progesterona (P4) de vacas Jersey (n=6) submetidas a um protocolo convencional. No experimento 2 foram comparadas a produção de leite e as concentrações séricas de E2 de novilhas holandesas induzidas à lactação pelo protocolo padrão de IAL (15 injeções de E2 e 8 injeções de P4) e por um protocolo curto, no qual o número de injeções de E2 e, consequentemente, a dosagem geral de E2 foram reduzidas (oito injeções de E2 e oito injeções de P4). A hipótese foi confirmada, demonstrado que um protocolo mais curto induziu a lactação em novilhas holandesas sem prejudicar a produção de leite.

Resumo Gênero e sexualidade tornaram-se um foco de polarização política na América Latina. Em muitos países, atores religiosos, líderes políticos e organizações não governamentais (ONGs) “pró-vida” e “pró-família”, entre outros, uniram-se para promover uma mudança neoconservadora na política regional contemporânea. Apesar da constante presença pública de atores religiosos e de sua influência de longa data nas políticas públicas da região, os ataques recentes aos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos vêm de um campo em transformação. A mobilização antiaborto mostra importantes sinais de adaptações e mutações em diferentes frentes – em redes, alianças, estratégias e enquadramentos. Finalmente, esse processo de renovação levou à expansão do próprio campo de disputa para um campo ampliado da aliança antigênero, sendo digna de nota a importância crescente de estratégias e ferramentas legais para atores antiaborto. As transformações no campo do antiaborto foram colocadas em marcha globalmente com a derrota dos conservadores na Conferência da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) no Cairo e interagiram com diferentes processos locais, respondendo às dinâmicas relacionais entre movimento e contramovimento. De qualquer modo, observamos convergências importantes entre os casos latino-americanos. A partir de evidências de alguns estudos de caso de países na região, este artigo analisa as principais características do ativismo antiaborto na área e identifica os pontos comuns entre os casos, levantando a hipótese de que as mudanças atuais na composição das redes antiaborto, suas estratégias de mobilização e enquadramentos indicam uma tendência difundida transnacionalmente, embora sujeita a diferentes processos de vernacularização. O texto, em última instância, chama a atenção para a necessidade de mais pesquisa empírica para acessar as dinâmicas regionais de atores transnacionais, processos de difusão e adaptações locais.

Abstract Gender and sexuality have become a focal point of the political divide in Latin America. In many countries, religious actors, political leaders, pro-life and pro-family nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), among others, have come together to promote a neoconservative shift in contemporary regional politics. Despite the constant public presence of religious actors and their long-standing influence on public policies in the region, recent challenges to sexual and reproductive rights have come from a field in transformation. The anti-abortion mobilization shows important signs of adaptation and mutation on different fronts – networks, alliances, strategies, and frameworks. Finally, this process of renovation has led to the expansion of this dispute towards a broader anti-gender alliance, and the increasing importance of legal strategies and tools by anti-abortion actors is remarkable. The transformations in the anti-abortion field were globally put into action after the conservatives’ defeat in the UN Conference in Cairo, and they also interacted with different local processes, in response to the relational dynamics between movement and countermovement. However, we can see important convergences among Latin-American cases. Drawing on evidence from case studies of countries in the region, this article analyses the main characteristics of contemporary anti-abortion activism in Latin America. It identifies significant commonalities among the cases and raises the hypotheses that shifts in the composition of the anti-abortion networks, in mobilization strategies and frames are inserted in a trend that has been transnationally diffused and subject to different processes of vernacularization. This article ultimately calls attention to the need for more empirical research to address the regional dynamics of transnational actors, diffusion processes, and local adaptations.

Resumo Este artigo analisa o caso do Peru, um país de destaque como exemplo de internacionalização das normas sobre direitos reprodutivos e sexuais por meio de litígios supranacionais, em que, apesar das vitórias dos litigantes, não houve expansão dos direitos ao aborto. Por meio da análise de três casos judiciais, com foco nos argumentos e nas estratégias jurídicas, o artigo pontua que duas características da mobilização jurídica sobre aborto no Peru são fundamentais para entender a falta de desdobramentos mais positivos: 1) o caráter formalista dos tribunais peruanos, que oferecem pouco espaço para reconhecer a ampliação de motivos para o aborto, como tem sido o caso em outros países latino-americanos; e 2) a capacidade inovadora de mobilização jurídica antiaborto, que tem obrigado a criar uma aliança tácita entre o movimento pelo reconhecimento do direito ao aborto e o Estado, para a defesa dos (restritos) direitos ao aborto no país.

Abstract This article analyzes the puzzling case of Peru, a country highlighted as an example of the internationalization of sexual and reproductive health and rights norms through supranational litigation, but where these legal victories have not prompted an expansion of abortion rights. Through the analysis of three judicial cases, with a focus on the legal arguments and strategies, the article argues that two features of the abortion legal mobilization in Peru are key to understand the lack of more positive developments: 1) formalistic feature of Peruvian Courts, that offers little space toward recognizing additional grounds for abortion, as has been the case in other Latin American countries; 2) innovative capacity of anti-abortion legal mobilization, that have forced to create a tacit alliance between the movement toward the recognition of abortion rights and the State, to defend the (restricted) abortion rights in the country.

Abstract Rhythmic Gymnastics (RM) is an aesthetic sport where thinness is an important factor for success. The present research aimed to analyze risk behaviors and the level of concern of body image perception in Chilean elite gymnasts. We proceeded to analyze risky eating behaviors and the perception of body image in 53 gymnasts, through the application of the Eating Attitude Test (EAT - 26), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and focus groups. A 67.9% showed no concern for body image, 15.1% showed mild concern, 13.2% showed moderate concern and 3.8% showed extreme concern. Similarly, 67.9% did not show risk of eating behavior and 32.1% did show this condition. There is a relationship between risky eating behaviors and body image perception (p=0.028). The focus groups revealed that the gymnasts indicated that they are uncomfortable with their figure and that they leave out some nutrients in their diet, and that their coaches give instructions or opinions about the figure of their gymnasts in “inappropriate” and “unprofessional” ways. They also recognize that they are not satisfied with their image and express concern about the opinion of third parties.

Resumen La Gimnasia Rítmica (GR) es un deporte estético donde la delgadez es un factor importante para el éxito. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar conductas de riesgo y el nivel de preocupación de la percepción de la imagen corporal en gimnastas de elite chilenas. Se procedió a analizar conductas alimentarias de riesgo y la percepción de la imagen corporal en 53 gimnastas, a través de la aplicación del Eating Attitude Test (EAT - 26), el Body Shape Questionaire (BSQ) y grupos focales. Un 67,9% demostró no manifestar preocupación por la imagen corporal, 15,1%, manifestó preocupación leve, 13,2% manifestó preocupación moderada y 3,8% preocupación extrema. De igual manera un 67,9% no presenta riesgo de conducta alimentaria y 32,1% sí manifiesta esta condición. Existe relación entre las conductas alimentarias de riesgo y la percepción de la imagen corporal (p=0,028). Los grupos focales revelaron que las gimnastas señalan estar incómodas con su figura y que, en su alimentación dejan de lado algunos nutrientes, indican además que sus entrenadores dan instrucciones u opiniones sobre la figura de sus gimnastas de formas “no adecuadas” y con “poco profesionalismo”. Reconocen además no estar conformes con su imagen y manifiestan preocupación por la opinión de terceros.

Objective. The aim of this study was to ascertain, from patients’ perspective, the degree of knowledge and the actual coverage of the Emergency Health Care Law and the Compulsory Insurance against Road Traffic Crashes (SOAT). Material and methods. A cross-sectional, active surveillance of emergency wards of selected health facilities in three Peruvian cities (Lima, Pucallpa y Ayacucho) was conducted. Results. Out of 644 surveyed victims, 77% did not know about the law about provision of emergency health care (81% in Lima, 64% in Pucallpa y 93% in Ayacucho; p<0,001). Following the explanation of what this law entails, 46% reported to have received care according to the law specifications. As for SOAT, the health care related costs of 237 persons (37.2%) were not covered by any insurance scheme (74% in Pucallpa, 34% in Ayacucho and 26% in Lima: p<0,001). Conclusions. In this study, the lack of knowledge about the provision of emergency health care law was important, and the coverage of care was deficient as nearly half of participants reported not to be treated by one or more of the entitlements stated in such law. Road traffic injuriesrelated health care costs were not covered by any insurance scheme in one of three victims. Improvements on citizens’ information about their rights and of effective law enforcement are badly needed to reach a universal and more equitable coverage in the health care of road traffic-related victims.

Objetivo. Determinar, desde la perspectiva de los pacientes, el grado de conocimiento y de cobertura real de la Ley de Atención de Emergencia y del Seguro Obligatorio Contra Accidentes de Tránsito (SOAT). Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal de vigilancia activa en los servicios de emergencia de establecimientos de salud (EESS) de tres ciudades del país con heterogeneidad económica, social y cultural (Lima, Pucallpa y Ayacucho). Resultados. De 644 encuestados, 77% negaron conocer la Ley de Atención de Emergencia (81% en Lima, 64% en Pucallpa y 93% en Ayacucho; p<0,001). Luego de explicarles dicha ley, 46% del total respondió que fueron atendidos bajo los preceptos de la ley. Con respecto al SOAT; en 237 personas (37,2%) los gastos de atención no fueron cubiertos por un seguro (74% en Pucallpa, 34% en Ayacucho y 26% en Lima: p<0,001). De los que contaban con un seguro (SOAT u otro), pero cuya atención no fue cubierta por éste, la mayoría estuvo en Lima (70%), seguido de Ayacucho (30%) y ninguno en Pucallpa. La mayoría (94%) procedió de establecimientos públicos. Las razones incluyeron problemas administrativos (25%), vencimiento del seguro o morosidad en el pago (21%), invalidez del seguro en el establecimiento (18%), no disponibilidad de la póliza (18%), o no cobertura de las lesiones por el seguro (9%). En estos casos, los gastos fueron asumidos por el mismo paciente, familiares o parientes, el chofer o dueño del vehículo, el servicio social del EESS, u otras personas o instituciones. Conclusiones. En este estudio se observó un gran desconocimiento de la Ley de Atención de Emergencia, y una cobertura de atención muy deficiente, pues casi la mitad de atenciones no fueron brindadas de acuerdo a uno o más puntos establecidos por dicha norma. Los costos de atención generados por el accidente de tránsito no fueron cubiertos por un seguro en una de cada tres víctimas. Es urgente mejorar la información de los ciudadanos sobre sus derechos y el cumplimiento efectivo de las leyes, para lograr una cobertura universal y más equitativa en la atención de las víctimas de accidentes de tránsito.

Objective. The aim of this study was to ascertain, from patients’ perspective, the degree of knowledge and the actual coverage of the Emergency Health Care Law and the Compulsory Insurance against Road Traffic Crashes (SOAT). Material and methods. A cross-sectional, active surveillance of emergency wards of selected health facilities in three Peruvian cities (Lima, Pucallpa y Ayacucho) was conducted. Results. Out of 644 surveyed victims, 77% did not know about the law about provision of emergency health care (81% in Lima, 64% in Pucallpa y 93% in Ayacucho; p<0,001). Following the explanation of what this law entails, 46% reported to have received care according to the law specifications. As for SOAT, the health care related costs of 237 persons (37.2%) were not covered by any insurance scheme (74% in Pucallpa, 34% in Ayacucho and 26% in Lima: p<0,001). Conclusions. In this study, the lack of knowledge about the provision of emergency health care law was important, and the coverage of care was deficient as nearly half of participants reported not to be treated by one or more of the entitlements stated in such law. Road traffic injuriesrelated health care costs were not covered by any insurance scheme in one of three victims. Improvements on citizens’ information about their rights and of effective law enforcement are badly needed to reach a universal and more equitable coverage in the health care of road traffic-related victims.

Objetivo. Determinar, desde la perspectiva de los pacientes, el grado de conocimiento y de cobertura real de la Ley de Atención de Emergencia y del Seguro Obligatorio Contra Accidentes de Tránsito (SOAT). Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal de vigilancia activa en los servicios de emergencia de establecimientos de salud (EESS) de tres ciudades del país con heterogeneidad económica, social y cultural (Lima, Pucallpa y Ayacucho). Resultados. De 644 encuestados, 77% negaron conocer la Ley de Atención de Emergencia (81% en Lima, 64% en Pucallpa y 93% en Ayacucho; p<0,001). Luego de explicarles dicha ley, 46% del total respondió que fueron atendidos bajo los preceptos de la ley. Con respecto al SOAT; en 237 personas (37,2%) los gastos de atención no fueron cubiertos por un seguro (74% en Pucallpa, 34% en Ayacucho y 26% en Lima: p<0,001). De los que contaban con un seguro (SOAT u otro), pero cuya atención no fue cubierta por éste, la mayoría estuvo en Lima (70%), seguido de Ayacucho (30%) y ninguno en Pucallpa. La mayoría (94%) procedió de establecimientos públicos. Las razones incluyeron problemas administrativos (25%), vencimiento del seguro o morosidad en el pago (21%), invalidez del seguro en el establecimiento (18%), no disponibilidad de la póliza (18%), o no cobertura de las lesiones por el seguro (9%). En estos casos, los gastos fueron asumidos por el mismo paciente, familiares o parientes, el chofer o dueño del vehículo, el servicio social del EESS, u otras personas o instituciones. Conclusiones. En este estudio se observó un gran desconocimiento de la Ley de Atención de Emergencia, y una cobertura de atención muy deficiente, pues casi la mitad de atenciones no fueron brindadas de acuerdo a uno o más puntos establecidos por dicha norma. Los costos de atención generados por el accidente de tránsito no fueron cubiertos por un seguro en una de cada tres víctimas. Es urgente mejorar la información de los ciudadanos sobre sus derechos y el cumplimiento efectivo de las leyes, para lograr una cobertura universal y más equitativa en la atención de las víctimas de accidentes de tránsito.